IBM and the Holocaust (Audio Cassette), by Edwin Black

This book is the most important new work on the Nazi era in the last two decades. The book is even more significant for the questions it raises about what the purpose of a corporation is and should be, what role companies and governments should play in directing cutting edge technology, and the danger that misuses of advanced information technology bring to individuals.The core of the story is how a key IBM technology, the Hollerith-based card... tabulating machines, became available for the Nazi war and Holocaust efforts. Although the details are murky (and may remain so), it is fairly clear that the use of this technology was sustained during the war years in part by shipments of customized (for each end user) tabulating cards from IBM in neutral countries for everything from blitzkriegs to slave camp scheduling to transportation to the death camps. There was not enough paper capacity to make the cards in Europe (that the Nazi and IBM records show were used), and there is no evidence that Nazis created substitutes for these essential supplies. As Mr. Black warns, "This book will be profoundly uncomfortable to read." I agree. My sleep will not be the same for some time after experiencing this powerful story. Mr. Black makes an even stronger statement. "So if you intend to skim, or rely on selected sections, do not read the book at all." I took him at his word, and did not even read the book quickly. I also arranged to read it in several sittings, so I could think about what I had read in between. I recommend that you do the same. The reason for my recommendation is that your thinking will change very fundamentally through reading the book. Having read dozens of books by fine historians about the Nazi period, and knowing a great deal about the history of data processing, I assumed that there would be little new to the story here. But the title intrigued me. By the fourth time I saw the book, I could no longer resist it.What I found inside the book surprised, shocked, and amazed me.First, many authors claim that it was not clear in the United States that Jews were losing their lives in Europe during the Nazi years until just before the end of the war. This book documents many articles that appeared in the New York Times that certainly seemed to be saying that this systematic killing was going on from very near the time when it began. Anyone who ignored these reports just didn't want to know.Second, the book makes many connections between Thomas Watson, Sr. and Nazi Germany. Many things surprised me about this. One, he was there once or twice a year until just before World War II began. The horrible human abuses were probably observed first hand by him then. Two, he had friends who were victimized by the Nazis. Three, he accepted a very prestigious medal from Hitler in 1937 (which he returned in June 1940). Four, he spoke in favor of making U.S. policy pro-German until just before the United States entered World War II. Five, it appeared that he had a lot more concern about IBM's profits and machines in Europe than about any people there. Third, although I was very familiar with the improvements in industrial and transportation effectiveness in Germany during the Nazi years, I did not realize that IBM's design of Hollerith machines for card tabulation was a breakthrough technology that enabled this progress. Fourth, I had always been amazed that the Nazis had such detailed records of the geneologies of European Jews. What I did not realize was that much of this information was provided by Jewish citizens in government censuses, and was quickly processed into records used by oppressors on Hollerith machines leased from IBM or its subsidiaries. In France, where the use of these machines was subverted by the Resistance, the percentage rate of Jewish deaths was one-third of what occurred in Holland where this technology was well applied. It is hard to avoid the feeling that millions of people died because these machines were available and kept supplied with parts and punch cards for the Nazis.One cannot help but draw the comparison between this historical example and the companies and countries (including, apparently, the United States) that have more recently allowed critical nuclear, rocket, and satellite technology to become available to repressive regimes. It seems that by not asking questions about IBM and the Holocaust, we may be continuing to make many of the same mistakes today. I salute the incredible imagination and back-breaking effort that went into assembling this astonishing set of documents and perspectives. I hope that many people will read the book, that scholars will look for more information to expand our understanding, and that the fundamental questions raised by this book will be debated wherever free people live. Remember: Your freedom is only as good as that of the least free person, who is most vulnerable. "Ask not for whom the bell tolls. It tolls for thee." more

I did not want to read this book. My grandfather worked for International Time Recording (ITR) in Endicott, NY before IBM was formed and Mr. Watson came on board. My father's first job, at the age of seventeen, was caretaker of the Watson Homestead. My family has had a hand in virtually every product that issued from the IBM manufacturing effort since its inception in 1924. I have deep affection for the company my family labored to... build. I approached "IBM and the Holocaust" with a high degree of skepticism. The book sat on my nightstand for two months before I opened it. Finally picked it up for the sake of completing my 14-book IBM historical reading cycle. This book is astounding. It is impeccably researched, artfully written, highly detailed, painstakingly documented, remarkably objective and thoroughly engaging. "IBM and the Holocaust" has finally exposed the undeniable truth: IBM became the world's most powerful corporation largely because it assisted in identifying, cataloging and exterminating millions of innocent people for Hitler. The evil that lurks in IBM history was not exposed previously only because IBM management was smart enough and powerful enough to "hide its tracks" in Nuremburg. No investigator has ever dug deeper into IBM history than Edwin Black. A close reading of the book makes it absolutely clear that Mr. Watson (IBM CEO) knew the exact purpose, goal and expected outcome of the IBM solution in Europe. The book details the fact that unlike previous IBM engagements for the Third Reich that were completed by Dehomag (IBM's German subsidiary), the engagement in Romania (1941) was conducted directly under the management of IBM New York. That engagement resulted in the swift identification, transportation and extermination of hundreds of thousands of innocent Jews. All in the name of "IBM." As a result of reading "IBM and the Holocaust", I no longer view Mr. Watson as the glamorous benevolent industrial icon depicted in hollywoood newsreels. Though the affectionate "shop talk" tossed through the air when I was young still captures my imagination, Mr. Watson is no longer the focus of my unqualified admiration. Watson, for me, now stands beside Carnegie, Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, Mellon, Jeffrey Skilling, Kenneth Lay and all the other American Industrialists throughout history who had many fine qualities yet are outrageously flawed--so good yet so very, very bad. This book is remarkable. Have since read "Internal Combustion", Banking on Baghdad" and "War Against the Weak." Edwin Black is "the bomb." If you have an interest in history, corporations, corruption, good, bad, evil or fine nonfiction; you will appreciate the works of Edwin Black. NancyRae Kjelgaard Tallahassee, FL December 7, 2006 more

Thomas Watson (IBM's president during Nazi Germany) was both a personal confidant to FDR and decorated with the highest Nazi medal possible to a non-German (though after proudly accepting the award, several years later he returned it). He had personal correspondence with Hitler, and IBM America controlled 90% (i.e. had complete control) of the German subsidiary, Dehomag, and in fact exported to the German subsidiary much of the supplies needed... during the first year or two of Nazi leadership (~1933-35). IBM produced practially ALL of the tools needed for Nazi efficiency in any type of statistical manner, and IBM was responsible (though no directly) for finding the names of Jews, their anscestry, etc. The list goes on, and the author has IBM and other documents to prove it, all in a well written and organized, intriguing book.As a side, it's funny to read other reviews (denying IBM's involvement) who either 1) didn't read the book, or 2) don't want to believe the truth when it's in front of their face. I question wether the person who said the author being an OS/2 advocate is the reason he wrote this book even read the preface. The author's parents are both Holocaust survivors, and he is himself a Jew, which is a far more logical reason to write this book than having a personal vendetta against IBM. I also question another reviewer's knowledge of this book when the person said "the premise that IBM knew at any point in the 30s that the Holocaust was going on is simply not true." There are many quotations of contemporary news papers (i.e. The New York Times) in this book, which show contemporaries were perfectly aware of the atmosphere in Germany, and of the Nazi agenda to "cleanse" Germany of the Jews. Hitler didn't hide his agenda, but broadcast it loud and clear for all to know. Wether knowledge of specific concentration camps was known is totally irrelevant. IBM was still creating specialized statistical devices to determine the "Jewry" of each German citizen, knowing full well what the information was for. more

I just came upon this book this past week, but I have read research on the Holocaust for over 30 years and always wondered how the Nazis could be so efficient in rounding up people, how they could exactly know so much as they took over Poland and France, etc., etc., Now I think I know and the knowledge is most disturbing.Reading this book made me stop and think about where technology is going today in our world where all the bits of information... about everybody are carefully stored, collated, and applied to "appropriate" use. I think there is a warning from the book about having too much data about individuals. I for one will never answer census questions completely again, certainly not the petty questions that inquire into the specifics of my personal life.A few months ago, I watched the HBO Movie Conspiracy which was an exact dramatization of the Wannesee Conference in 1942 in Berlin. The script was based on the sole transcript of that meeting found after the war and belonging to one of the attendees. As I was watching the movie and later when I poured over the actual transcript which I found on the net, I wondered, "How did they have such exact figures for each country and group? So exact that the numbers were down to the single digits. How did they find these people?" It puzzled me. In reading IBM and the Holocaust, I found my answer.History has an ostentatous way of rationalizing what actually happened to fit current viewpoints that are acceptable to people and institutions. We don't want to think that a company like IBM could be so dreadful for profit or that our Government refused to bomb camps or take in refugees when they knew horror was happening. There was a rationalization that there " must have been other circumstances", mitigating circumstances, and today simply bad historical recollection. It is much easier to go forward and forget and rationalize and look for "reasonable" solutions, that is, until it all happens again and we have to say once more, "but that simply couldn't be possible."A n important and courageous book that every young person especially should read as the years pass and the witnesses of that time leave us. more

As the son of an ICBM rocket designer, I have been concerned with ethics, economics and technological issues of power and progress all my life. This book will probably be subject to much criticism and vilification for the uncomfortable truths it reveals. Everyone concerned with human rights, racism government invasion of privacy and control should read this and in the motto of the book's main culprit Thomas J. Watson THINK. If we ever needed a... clear example of the absolute political importance of privacy of personal information and limitations on the role of state intrusion into private lives this book may prove historically to be an important beacon for future generations. The very fact that this horrifying aspect has taken so long to emerge is added warning of the need for active vigilance in every one of us. I had only just finished reading James Bacque's 'Crimes and Mercies' which presents another mirror into a distorted past, the two books together are enough to make thinking people question many so called truths which they may have grown up with. Tell eveyone about this book. It doesn't matter how embarrassed IBM may be about its criminal past. This is an issue for everyone concerned with the use of powerful new technologies for profit beyond control. more